This independent expert study, commissioned by COMMUNIA and Knowledge Rights 21 to Christophe Geiger Bernd Justin Jütte, explores what positive obligations must be imposed on rightholders as a consequence of the rights users enjoy under copyright law, in particular in the light of the fundamental rights they are reflecting. A particular focus of the study lies on the institutions that play central roles in the exercise of user rights, namely libraries, research organizations, educational and other cultural heritage institutions.