In this publication edited by Teresa Nobre we present four national exceptions and limitations to copyright, which, like the EU exceptions, are embodied in abstract norms that allow for a wide spectrum of uses of all categories of copyrighted works by all sorts of users. These exceptions are considered the best examples of national exceptions or limitations to copyright in their fields because they are at least as broad as the EU exceptions in relation to the rights harmonised under the InfoSoc Directive, using all the policy space available under the EU acquis.